Permissions and Advanced Management

Linux Permissions

Each file/directory has permissions: read (r), write (w), execute (x).
They apply to:

• u → user (owner)
• g → group
• o → others

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Changing Permissions

chmod 755 script.sh
chmod u+x file.sh

➡ 755 = user: rwx, group and others: rx

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Changing Ownership

chown user:user file.txt

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Running as Administrator

sudo apt update

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Best Practices

• Check permissions with ls -l.
• Only use 777 as a last resort.
• Use sudo only when necessary.