Undo and Fix

Undo changes

git checkout -- file.txt   # discard uncommitted changes

Undo the last commit

git reset --soft HEAD~1   # keep files staged
git reset --hard HEAD~1   # completely remove changes

Roll back cleanly

git revert abc123

Stash changes

git stash
git stash apply

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Best practices

• Use git reset only locally (dangerous if shared).
• Prefer git revert to undo changes in a collaborative project.
• Use stash to pause ongoing work.