Namespaces

Example: App.Utils.Math

Why?

• Organizes code within large projects.
• Avoids naming collisions.
• Very common in Java, C#, and even JS (before ES6 modules).

Practical example

const App = {
  Utils: {
    sum: (a, b) => a + b
  }
};

console.log(App.Utils.sum(2, 3));

Advantages: well-structured code. Disadvantage: verbose, replaced in JS by import/export.